With the rapid development of the social economy, urban population continues to grow, land resources are becoming increasingly scarce, and high-rise buildings are springing up like mushrooms after rain. Urban high-rise buildings are developing towards modernization, multifunctionality, and large-scale. As these buildings rise from the ground, the risk of fire safety is also increasing. High rise buildings have a large concentration of personnel and materials, a variety of electrification and automation equipment configurations, and various vertical shafts and pipelines are crisscrossed. Once a fire occurs, it is easy to produce a chimney effect, forming a three-dimensional combustion. China has also experienced multiple high-rise building fires, causing huge economic losses and casualties. Fire alarm system manufacturers share their opinions through daily supervision and inspection, as well as in combination with the disposal measures for high-rise building fires.

1、 The limiting factors of current high-rise building fire extinguishing

1. Limitations on the ability of firefighters to climb heights. The ability to climb heights is closely related to the physical condition of firefighters in their daily lives. When an ordinary person climbs to the 8th floor on foot, they will pant heavily, and well-trained firefighters can climb 12 floors or higher barehanded. Imagine if a high-rise building catches fire, both the regular elevator and the fire elevator will stop working, and firefighters will need to carry air respirators, water hoses, water guns, and other related equipment on foot. It requires a large amount of physical energy to be consumed, and once it reaches the ignition zone, the combat effectiveness will decrease due to physical exhaustion, which will affect the rescue of trapped personnel and the firefighting of fires. The physical condition of individual firefighters varies from person to person. When several people form a battle team, the individual differences will affect the overall attack rhythm of the group, and the timeliness and effectiveness of firefighting will be greatly reduced.

2. Limitations on climbing paths. The climbing path of high-rise buildings generally includes using fire elevators, internal evacuation stairs, and using external lifting vehicles to reach the fire floor. When the power of the fire elevator is turned off and the vehicle cannot reach the height of the fire floor, firefighters can only choose to climb up the internal evacuation staircase. At this time, firstly, it is affected by the smoke prevention performance of the evacuation staircase, that is, whether the fire floor and the upper smoke prevention front chamber are effectively closed, whether the smoke exhaust facilities are working normally, whether the stairwell is filled with smoke, and the plane position relationship between the staircase and the combustion area; The second is that it will collide with the crowd evacuating downwards, which not only affects the evacuation speed of the crowd, but also hinders and delays the climbing speed of firefighters.

3. Lifting height limit for vehicles. Generally, the height of each floor in high-rise residential buildings is around 3 meters, while for commercial high-rise buildings, it is between 3.8-4 meters. When the height exceeds 13 floors, the building height will reach 40 meters, and commercial high-rise buildings will be even higher. The lifting height of the lifting vehicle equipped by the general fire brigade is about 50 meters, which cannot be used to rescue trapped personnel on floors higher than its height. Moreover, the effect of using water guns or water cannons to attack the jet from outside will also be greatly reduced.

4. Water hose pressure limit. When the internal water supply system of a high-rise building malfunctions or the water pump connector is damaged and cannot be used normally, it is necessary to use the method of laying water hoses along the stairs or vertically laying water hoses for fire water supply. When a fire occurs in a high-rise building and a high-pressure water hose needs to be laid vertically, ordinary low-pressure water hoses usually burst due to low pressure, or the interface between the medium and high-pressure water hoses is not secure and opens, as well as the driver's operational errors during the pressure relief process that damage the water pump. These directly affect the water supply for high-rise fires and cause a very unfavorable situation for fire fighting.

2、 Difficulties in extinguishing high-rise building fires

1. Difficulty in personnel evacuation and difficulty in carrying out rescue operations. When a fire occurs in a high-rise building, the vertical evacuation distance is long, making it difficult to evacuate all personnel from the danger zone in a short time. Moreover, the evacuation direction is opposite to the direction of the fire and smoke spread. Trapped personnel have to evacuate in the high-temperature smoke, with extremely low visibility, which can easily cause panic, crowding, and even incidents such as mutual trampling and jumping, resulting in a large number of casualties. In general, staying in thick smoke for 1-2 minutes can cause a person to faint, and 4-5 minutes can put them at risk of death. More than 50% of the deaths in high-rise building fires are caused by smoke poisoning, and in some cases, up to 70% to 90%.

2. The fire spread through multiple channels and at a fast speed, making it difficult to control it in a timely and effective manner. There are various horizontal and vertical pipe shafts and passages inside high-rise buildings, such as stairwells, corridors, pipeline shafts, cable shafts, exhaust ducts, etc. If the fire separation or fire prevention treatment is improper, when a fire occurs, the fire spreads horizontally through the ceiling, doors, windows, corridors, and upwards along the vertical pipe shafts, stairwells, and exterior wall windows. The higher the building, the more pronounced the "chimney" effect. A high-rise building with a height of 100 meters, in an unobstructed situation, smoke diffuses vertically through the pipe well to the top floor in just 30 seconds, instantly forming a three-dimensional fire scene for the entire building.

3、 Requirements for Mobilizing Fire Rescue Forces in High rise Buildings

After a fire occurs in a high-rise building, it spreads rapidly and burns fiercely. After receiving an alarm, the command center should fully consider the characteristics of the high-rise building fire. Firstly, it should strengthen the dispatch of the first dispatch force, mobilize corresponding firefighting and rescue forces to quickly rush to the fire scene, and quickly activate the emergency plan to coordinate power supply, medical, police, traffic police and other relevant departments to arrive at the fire scene.

4、 Precautions for fire scene reconnaissance in high-rise buildings

The commander of the squadron in the jurisdiction should inquire about the relevant situation of the fire scene from the command center while rushing to the fire scene. After arriving at the scene, the commander should lead the fire reconnaissance team to quickly investigate the fire situation and timely understand the fire situation. To do a good job in fire reconnaissance, attention should be paid to three aspects:

1. Fire scene commanders should pay attention to external observation and inquiry. After arriving at the scene, the commander of the fire scene should inquire with the informant. The key is to understand the situation of trapped personnel on the floor where the fire broke out, whether there are flammable and explosive materials and valuable materials, and the basic situation of the personnel organized by the fire unit to extinguish the fire in the early stage. The relevant inquiry results should be communicated to the internal investigation team through communication equipment.

2. The investigation team should pay attention to the quality of internal investigation results. When conducting internal investigations, the investigation team pays attention to contacting the commander of the fire scene, identifying and verifying the number of trapped personnel, their location, the location of the fire, the nature of the combustion, the direction of spread, and the operation of the fire water supply system. They determine the evacuation and rescue routes and methods, the attack routes for firefighting operations, and the specific locations of firefighting positions.

3. Make full use of the fire control center platform. The commander uses the fire control room to understand the operation of various systems, further identifies the situation through monitoring equipment, and combines internal and external investigation situations to guide the fire control room personnel to issue relevant instructions based on rescue and firefighting needs, providing a basis for correct decision-making, and taking effective measures to implement combat command.

5、 Methods for tactical application of high-rise building fires

The particularity of high-rise building structures, the complexity of their construction, the specificity of their use, the large smoke and rapid spread in the event of a fire, the limited number of attack channels, the difficulty of climbing high, and the numerous obstacles to combat. Therefore, extinguishing high-rise building fires must be carried out according to their own characteristics.

1. Persist in putting people first and combining rescue and destruction. To extinguish high-rise building fires, the first focus should be on fully utilizing the various modern fire extinguishing facilities and equipment inside the high-rise building. The guiding ideology of the fire brigade's firefighting battle is to prioritize saving lives and provide scientific rescue. In various types of fire fighting, it is necessary to prioritize saving people. In practical combat, commanders must firmly establish the idea of saving people first, actively deploy rescue forces, and use various facilities and methods to evacuate and rescue trapped personnel. In general, commanders can use various methods to evacuate and rescue trapped personnel based on the situation of the fire and the existing equipment, striving to block the spread of the fire in a short period of time, timely eliminate the fire point, and extinguish the initial fire.

2. Quickly assault and control the fire. The commander of the fire scene, based on the trend of fire development, divides the troops into multiple routes and organizes assault forces. These assault personnel need to select elite personnel from the squadron, carry necessary equipment such as water guns, water hoses, safety ropes, lighting fixtures, and demolition tools, and quickly climb up the stairs. By using internal fire-fighting facilities to extinguish the fire in the early stage, the internal fire situation can be further identified, and important conditions can be created for subsequent ascent to extinguish the fire.

3. Internal attack is the main approach, with a combined attack from top to bottom. The firefighting of high-rise building fires must emphasize internal attacks as the main focus, and it is not advisable to blindly use high-pressure spraying vehicles, lifting vehicles, and aerial ladder vehicles for peripheral water spraying firefighting. High altitude facilities or fire elevators can be used to quickly transport combatants to the upper or second or third floors of the fire floor, and deploy troops in the direction of its spread to unleash the power of internal attacks and close combat, effectively striking the fire and controlling its spread.

4. Three dimensional coordination, segmented encirclement and annihilation. On the basis of implementing internal attacks and close combat, fully cooperate with three-dimensional operations. The advantage of three-dimensional warfare is the all-round and multi angle nature of combat. In combat, internal attacks and close combat are convenient for interspersing and dividing, which is conducive to dividing the fire field. External three-dimensional attacks are beneficial for controlling the fire as a whole. Layer by layer division, dividing a large fire field into several small ones and eliminating them layer by layer, thus creating conditions for the final encirclement and annihilation of the general attack, and ultimately achieving victory in the firefighting battle.

5. Make full use of fixed fire extinguishing facilities, with a focus on solidity and a combination of solidity and mobility. Fully utilizing the fixed fire-fighting facilities of high-rise buildings for firefighting is an effective way to quickly extinguish fires with water. After a fire occurs, the fire extinguishing force that arrived earlier should fully utilize the internal fire-fighting facilities, using fire trucks to supply water to the building through pump couplings. When the fixed fire-fighting facilities indoors lose their function, water should be quickly supplied to the fire scene through fire trucks, fire pumps, or surrounding fire hydrants to ensure uninterrupted water supply.

6. Effectively implementing smoke exhaust in the fire scene to create conditions for evacuation, rescue, and strong fire fighting. In order to further improve the efficiency of fire extinguishing, increase the visibility of fire extinguishing, and reduce the harm of high-temperature smoke to combatants, internal combatants should take effective smoke exhaust measures. Internal fighters can use flowering water guns, open windows, dismantle, mechanical smoke exhaust and other methods to effectively smoke the fire, providing convenience for further fire extinguishing attacks in the later stage.

7. Pay attention to repeated searches and carefully clean up the fire scene. After extinguishing the open fire, firefighters should carefully search each floor to ensure that no one is trapped; Conduct a re inspection of the fire prone areas on the floors to prevent reignition in blind spots; Continue to use mechanical methods for smoke exhaust.

6、 Requirements for combat support in high-rise building fires

The firefighting of high-rise buildings is a systematic task, with a large fire area and a large number of participants, vehicles, and units. In order to ensure the safety of participants, improve firefighting efficiency, and ensure the victory of firefighting battles, it is also necessary to do sufficient combat support work. The author believes that efforts should be made from the following three aspects.

1. Strengthen the organization of water supply to ensure uninterrupted water supply. Water is a common fire extinguishing agent in firefighting. In the firefighting of high-rise building fires, the timely and uninterrupted water supply to meet the firefighting needs ahead directly affects the success or failure of the firefighting battle and plays a crucial role. The method of supplying water to high-rise buildings must be decided and deployed based on objective conditions and the actual situation of the fire. I believe it is best to establish a fire site water supply command center, consisting of the commander of the local squadron, communication personnel, fire safety officers of the fire unit, and staff of the water supply company. It is specifically responsible for organizing, coordinating, and ensuring the water supply for the fire site, providing strong guarantees for uninterrupted water supply ahead.

2. Ensure safety measures are in place. The safety of fire operations runs through every detail of firefighting and rescue work from beginning to end. Only by ensuring safety first, can combatants better complete firefighting work. When assault personnel attack and extinguish fires in the front, the safety officer should register the personnel entering for internal investigation and firefighting one by one. If necessary, they can carry some demolition tools and check their personal protective equipment. Only after inspection is correct can they enter; At the same time, the commander can set up a warning area for rear personnel and establish a safe isolation area.

3. Do a good job in logistics support work. The firefighting of high-rise buildings is generally difficult and time-consuming, consuming a lot of the physical strength of combat personnel. The electricity and fuel consumption of specialized equipment are also significant. The commander of the fire scene should develop a thorough plan to ensure the refueling of participating vehicles and the scheduled rotation of personnel, ensuring that vehicles and personnel maintain the best combat state. The firefighting of high-rise building fires is a new topic proposed for our firefighting work under the current fire situation. All firefighters in the firefighting force must continuously explore the development characteristics and firefighting measures of high-rise building fires, use existing equipment, exert the best firefighting efficiency, win the firefighting battle of high-rise building fires under modern conditions, and play their due role in ensuring the safety of the stationed party.